Unicode 字符属性
自 PHP 5.1.0 起, 三个额外的转义序列在选用 UTF-8 模式时用于匹配通用字符类型。他们是:
- \p{xx}
- 一个有属性 xx 的字符
- \P{xx}
- 一个没有属性 xx 的字符
- \X
- 一个扩展的 Unicode 字符
上面 xx
代表的属性名用于限制 Unicode 通常的类别属性。
每个字符都有一个这样的确定的属性,通过两个缩写的字母指定。
为了与 Perl 兼容,
可以在左花括号 { 后面增加 ^ 表示取反。比如:
\p{^Lu}
就等同于 \P{Lu}
。
如果通过 \p
或 \P
仅指定了一个字母,它包含所有以这个字母开头的属性。
在这种情况下,花括号的转义序列是可选的;以下两个例子是等同的:
\p{L} \pL
Property | Matches | Notes |
---|---|---|
C |
Other | |
Cc |
Control | |
Cf |
Format | |
Cn |
Unassigned | |
Co |
Private use | |
Cs |
Surrogate | |
L |
Letter |
包含以下属性:Ll 、
Lm 、Lo 、Lt 、
Lu .
|
Ll |
小写字母 | |
Lm |
Modifier letter | |
Lo |
Other letter | |
Lt |
Title case letter | |
Lu |
Upper case letter | |
M |
Mark | |
Mc |
Spacing mark | |
Me |
Enclosing mark | |
Mn |
Non-spacing mark | |
N |
Number | |
Nd |
Decimal number | |
Nl |
Letter number | |
No |
Other number | |
P |
Punctuation | |
Pc |
Connector punctuation | |
Pd |
Dash punctuation | |
Pe |
Close punctuation | |
Pf |
Final punctuation | |
Pi |
Initial punctuation | |
Po |
Other punctuation | |
Ps |
Open punctuation | |
S |
Symbol | |
Sc |
Currency symbol | |
Sk |
Modifier symbol | |
Sm |
Mathematical symbol | |
So |
Other symbol | |
Z |
Separator | |
Zl |
Line separator | |
Zp |
Paragraph separator | |
Zs |
Space separator |
InMusicalSymbols
等扩展属性在 PCRE 中不支持
指定大小写不敏感匹配对这些转义序列不会产生影响,比如,
\p{Lu}
始终匹配大写字母。
Unicode 字符集在具体文字中定义。使用文字名可以匹配这些字符集中的一个字符。例如:
-
\p{Greek}
-
\P{Han}
不在确定文字中的则被集中到 Common
。当前的文字列表中有:
Arabic |
Armenian |
Avestan |
Balinese |
Bamum |
|
Batak |
Bengali |
Bopomofo |
Brahmi |
Braille |
|
Buginese |
Buhid |
Canadian_Aboriginal |
Carian |
Chakma |
|
Cham |
Cherokee |
Common |
Coptic |
Cuneiform |
|
Cypriot |
Cyrillic |
Deseret |
Devanagari |
Egyptian_Hieroglyphs |
|
Ethiopic |
Georgian |
Glagolitic |
Gothic |
Greek |
|
Gujarati |
Gurmukhi |
Han |
Hangul |
Hanunoo |
|
Hebrew |
Hiragana |
Imperial_Aramaic |
Inherited |
Inscriptional_Pahlavi |
|
Inscriptional_Parthian |
Javanese |
Kaithi |
Kannada |
Katakana |
|
Kayah_Li |
Kharoshthi |
Khmer |
Lao |
Latin |
|
Lepcha |
Limbu |
Linear_B |
Lisu |
Lycian |
|
Lydian |
Malayalam |
Mandaic |
Meetei_Mayek |
Meroitic_Cursive |
|
Meroitic_Hieroglyphs |
Miao |
Mongolian |
Myanmar |
New_Tai_Lue |
|
Nko |
Ogham |
Old_Italic |
Old_Persian |
Old_South_Arabian |
|
Old_Turkic |
Ol_Chiki |
Oriya |
Osmanya |
Phags_Pa |
|
Phoenician |
Rejang |
Runic |
Samaritan |
Saurashtra |
|
Sharada |
Shavian |
Sinhala |
Sora_Sompeng |
Sundanese |
|
Syloti_Nagri |
Syriac |
Tagalog |
Tagbanwa |
Tai_Le |
|
Tai_Tham |
Tai_Viet |
Takri |
Tamil |
Telugu |
|
Thaana |
Thai |
Tibetan |
Tifinagh |
Ugaritic |
|
Vai |
Yi |
\X
转义匹配了 Unicode 可扩展字符集(Unicode extended grapheme clusters)。
可扩展字符集是一个或多个 Unicode 字符,组合表达了单个象形字符。
因此无论渲染时实际使用了多少个独立字符,可以视该 Unicode 等同于 .
,
会匹配单个组合后的字符。
小于 PCRE 8.32 的版本中(对应小于 PHP 5.4.14 的内置绑定 PCRE 库),
\X
等价于 (?>\PM\pM*)
。
也就是说,它匹配一个没有 ”mark” 属性的字符,紧接着任意多个由 ”mark” 属性的字符。
并将这个序列认为是一个原子组(详见下文)。
典型的有 ”mark” 属性的字符是影响到前面的字符的重音符。
用 Unicode 属性来匹配字符的速度并不快,
因为 PCRE 需要去搜索一个包含超过 15000 字符的数据结构。
这就是为什么在 PCRE中 要使用传统的转义序列\d
、
\w
而不使用 Unicode 属性的原因。
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User Contributed Notes 8 notes
To select UTF-8 mode for the additional escape sequences (\p{xx}, \P{xx}, and \X) , use the "u" modifier (see http://php.net/manual/en/reference.pcre.pattern.modifiers.php).
I wondered why a German sharp S (ß) was marked as a control character by \p{Cc} and it took me a while to properly read the first sentence: "Since 5.1.0, three additional escape sequences to match generic character types are available when UTF-8 mode is selected. " :-$ and then to find out how to do so.
An excellent article explaining all these properties can be found here: http://www.regular-expressions.info/unicode.html
My country, Vietnam, have our own alphabet table:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet
I hope PHP will support better than in Vietnamese.
For those who wonder: 'letter_titlecase' applies to digraphs/trigraphs, where capitalization involves only the first letter.
For example, there are three codepoints for the "LJ" digraph in Unicode:
(*) uppercase "LJ": U+01C7
(*) titlecase "Lj": U+01C8
(*) lowercase "lj": U+01C9
these properties are usualy only available if PCRE is compiled with "--enable-unicode-properties"
if you want to match any word but want to provide a fallback, you can do something like that:
<?php
if(@preg_match_all('/\p{L}+/u', $str, $arr) {
// fallback goes here
// for example just '/\w+/u' for a less acurate match
}
?>
If you are working with older environments you will need to first check to see if the version of PCRE will work with unicode directives described above:
<?php
// Need to check PCRE version because some environments are
// running older versions of the PCRE library
// (run in *nix environment `pcretest -C`)
$allowInternational = false;
if (defined('PCRE_VERSION')) {
if (intval(PCRE_VERSION) >= 7) { // constant available since PHP 5.2.4
$allowInternational = true;
}
}
?>
Now you can do a fallback regex (e.g. use "/[a-z]/i"), when the PCRE library version is too old or not available.
Not made clear in the top of page explanation, but these escaped character classes can be included within square brackets to make a broader character class. For example:
<?php preg_match( '/[\p{N}\p{L}]+/', $data ) ?>
Will match any combination of letters and numbers.
For those who wonder: 'letter_titlecase' applies to digraphs/trigraphs, where capitalization involves only the first letter.
For example, there are three codepoints for the "LJ" digraph in Unicode:
(*) uppercase "LJ": U+01C7
(*) titlecase "Lj": U+01C8
(*) lowercase "lj": U+01C9
备份地址:http://www.lvesu.com/blog/php/regexp.reference.unicode.php